64 Gd 157.25
Atomic properties
Atomic number
64
Z
Density
7.9 g/cm³
at STP
Melting point
1312 °C
at 1 atm
Boiling point
3273 °C
at 1 atm
Crystal structure
hexagonal
Electron config.
[Xe] 4f⁷ 5d¹ 6s²
Oxidation states
+3
most common
Market data
No tradeable futures market for Gd on Yahoo / Stooq. Live market data is
not available; pricing in this page is based on contract reference figures from
the source documents.
Commercial forms & specifications
| Product Form | Chemical Formula | Molecular Weight | Typical Purity | Price Range (USD/kg) | Main Applications |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gadolinium Metal | Gd | 157.25 g/mol | 99.9-99.99% | $450-850 | Alloys, nuclear reactors, research |
| Gadolinium Oxide | Gd₂O₃ | 362.50 g/mol | 99.9-99.999% | $35-120 | Phosphors, ceramics, optical glass |
| Gadolinium Chloride | GdCl₃·6H₂O | 371.70 g/mol | 99.9-99.99% | $150-350 | MRI contrast precursor, catalysts |
| Gadolinium Nitrate | Gd(NO₃)₃·6H₂O | 451.36 g/mol | 99.9-99.99% | $180-400 | Specialty glass, nuclear applications |
| Gadolinium Acetate | Gd(CH₃COO)₃·4H₂O | 406.45 g/mol | 99.9% | $350-650 | Catalysts, research |
| Gadolinium Sulfate | Gd₂(SO₄)₃·8H₂O | 746.81 g/mol | 99.9% | $120-280 | Refrigeration, magnetic materials |
| Gadolinium Fluoride | GdF₃ | 214.25 g/mol | 99.9-99.99% | $280-550 | Optical coatings, lasers |
| Gadolinium Carbonate | Gd₂(CO₃)₃·xH₂O | Variable | 99.9% | $85-180 | Precursor for other compounds |
| Gd-DTPA (Gadopentetate) | C₁₄H₁₈GdN₃O₁₀ | 546.64 g/mol | 98-99% | $8,500-15,000 | MRI contrast agent |
| Gadolinium Powder | Gd | 157.25 g/mol | 99.9% | $850-1,500 | Additive manufacturing, alloys |
| Gadolinium Foil | Gd | 157.25 g/mol | 99.9% | $2,500-4,500 | Research, neutron detection |
| Gadolinium Sputtering Target | Gd | 157.25 g/mol | 99.9-99.99% | $3,200-6,500 | Thin film deposition |
Suppliers by country
🇨🇳 China
| Company | Product Forms | Specialties |
|---|---|---|
| China Northern Rare Earth Group | Oxide, metal, chloride, nitrate, carbonate | Integrated mining to separation, world's largest REE producer |
| China Rare Earth Holdings | Oxide, fluoride, metal powder | High-purity rare earth products |
| Ganzhou Rare Earth Group | Oxide, chloride, metal | Heavy rare earth specialist |
🇺🇸 United States
| Company | Product Forms | Specialties |
|---|---|---|
| MP Materials | Oxide, metal (planned), NdFeB magnets | Integrated rare earth supply chain |
| USA Rare Earth | Oxide, metal (development stage) | Domestic supply chain development |
| Neo Performance Materials | Metal, alloys, specialty compounds | Value-added rare earth products |
🇦🇺 Australia
| Company | Product Forms | Specialties |
|---|---|---|
| Lynas Rare Earths | Oxide, carbonate, chloride | Non-Chinese integrated producer |
| Iluka Resources | Mixed rare earth carbonate (development) | Heavy mineral sands, rare earth development |
🇯🇵 Japan
| Company | Product Forms | Specialties |
|---|---|---|
| Shin-Etsu Chemical | High-purity metal, compounds, alloys | Ultra-high purity rare earth products |
| Santoku Corporation | Metal, alloys, specialty compounds | Rare earth alloys for magnets |
🇪🇺 European Union
| Company | Product Forms | Specialties |
|---|---|---|
| Solvay (Belgium) | High-purity compounds, polishing powders | Rare earth separation and purification |
| Less Common Metals (UK) | Metal, alloys, compounds | Specialty alloys and compounds |
🇮🇳 India
| Company | Product Forms | Specialties |
|---|---|---|
| Indian Rare Earths Limited | Oxide, chloride, fluoride | Integrated rare earth production |
Market demand by product form
| Product Form | Global Market Size | USA Market | China Market | Growth Rate (CAGR) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gadolinium Oxide | $380 million | 12% share | 58% share | 6.5% |
| Gadolinium Metal | $210 million | 18% share | 45% share | 5.8% |
| MRI Contrast Agents | $1.8 billion | 35% share | 15% share | 4.2% |
| Phosphors & Scintillators | $450 million | 22% share | 38% share | 7.1% |
| Magneto-optical Storage | $120 million | 28% share | 35% share | 3.5% |
| Nuclear Applications | $95 million | 25% share | 20% share | 5.2% |
| Specialty Alloys | $185 million | 15% share | 48% share | 6.8% |
| Research & Other | $65 million | 30% share | 25% share | 4.5% |
Market trends
Supply Chain Diversification: Western countries investing $2.8 billion to reduce Chinese dominance in rare earth supply MRI Safety Concerns: Growing research into gadolinium retention driving development of alternative contrast agents Recycling Initiatives: New technologies for recovering gadolinium from MRI waste streams and electronic waste Price Stability: Chinese export quotas and environmental regulations maintaining elevated prices Technology Applications: Quantum computing and advanced sensors driving new demand for ultra-pure gadolinium Strategic Stockpiling: USA, Japan, and EU building strategic reserves of critical rare earth elements
Moles per kilogram
| Product Form | Formula | MW (g/mol) | Moles/kg |
|---|---|---|---|
| Gadolinium Metal | Gd | 157.25 | 6.36 |
| Gadolinium Oxide | Gd₂O₃ | 362.50 | 2.76 |
| Gadolinium Chloride (hydrated) | GdCl₃·6H₂O | 371.70 | 2.69 |
| Gadolinium Nitrate (hydrated) | Gd(NO₃)₃·6H₂O | 451.36 | 2.22 |
| Gadolinium Sulfate (hydrated) | Gd₂(SO₄)₃·8H₂O | 746.81 | 1.34 |
| Gadolinium Fluoride | GdF₃ | 214.25 | 4.67 |
| Gd-DTPA | C₁₄H₁₈GdN₃O₁₀ | 546.64 | 1.83 |
References
No citations on this page yet. References will appear here once enrichment runs.
Explore on Amazon
Explore Gadolinium-related materials, books, and lab gear on Amazon. Selections are search-based; results refresh on Amazon.
Gadolinium samples
Display-grade specimens, ampoules, and reference samples.
View on Amazon →
Gadolinium books
Textbooks, monographs, and reference works.
View on Amazon →
Gadolinium posters
Periodic-table art and educational prints.
View on Amazon →
Lab equipment
Glassware, crucibles, and analysis tools.
View on Amazon →
Affiliate disclosure:As an Amazon Associate, nanos earns from qualifying purchases. Learn more.
Coverage notes
The following sections are thin or absent in the source document for this element. They will be filled by enrichment passes (NIST atomic, OSHA/NIOSH safety, USGS / IAI environmental).
- Missing section: Raw Material Sources
- Missing section: Production Cost
- Missing section: Energy Consumption