Atomic properties
Market data
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Commercial forms & specifications
| Product Form | Chemical Formula | Molecular Weight | Typical Purity | Price Range (USD) | Main Applications |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Palladium Ingot/Bar | Pd | 106.42 g/mol | 99.95-99.99% | $30,000-33,000/kg | Investment, industrial feedstock |
| Palladium Sponge | Pd | 106.42 g/mol | 99.9-99.95% | $29,000-32,000/kg | Catalysts, chemical synthesis |
| Palladium Black | Pd | 106.42 g/mol | 99.9% | $31,000-34,000/kg | Hydrogenation catalysts |
| Palladium Powder (Fine) | Pd | 106.42 g/mol | 99.9-99.99% | $32,000-35,000/kg | Electronics, catalysts |
| Palladium(II) Chloride | PdCl₂ | 177.33 g/mol | 99-99.9% | $28,000-30,000/kg | Catalyst precursor, plating |
| Palladium(II) Nitrate | Pd(NO₃)₂ | 230.43 g/mol | 99% | $25,000-28,000/kg | Catalyst preparation |
| Palladium on Carbon | Pd/C | Variable | 5-20% Pd | $1,500-6,000/kg | Heterogeneous catalysis |
| Palladium(II) Acetate | Pd(C₂H₃O₂)₂ | 224.51 g/mol | 98-99% | $26,000-29,000/kg | Organic synthesis catalyst |
| Tetraammine Pd(II) Chloride | [Pd(NH₃)₄]Cl₂ | 245.44 g/mol | 99% | $24,000-27,000/kg | Plating, catalyst precursor |
| Palladium(II) Oxide | PdO | 122.42 g/mol | 99-99.9% | $27,000-30,000/kg | Catalyst, ceramic capacitors |
Suppliers by country
🇷🇺 Russia
| Company | Product Forms | Specialties |
|---|---|---|
| Norilsk Nickel (Nornickel) | Ingots, powder (PdAP grades), refined metal | World's largest palladium producer (40% global supply), integrated mining and refining |
🇿🇦 South Africa
| Company | Product Forms | Specialties |
|---|---|---|
| Anglo American Platinum | Refined palladium, sponge, grain | 1.25 million oz/year production, integrated PGM producer |
| Impala Platinum (Implats) | Refined metal, sponge | Second-largest SA producer, owns Canadian operations |
| Sibanye-Stillwater | Refined palladium, concentrates | Major PGM producer, US operations in Montana |
| Northam Platinum | Refined metal, concentrates | Growing PGM producer, expanding operations |
🇺🇸 United States
| Company | Product Forms | Specialties |
|---|---|---|
| Stillwater Mining (Sibanye-Stillwater) | Palladium concentrates, refined metal | Only US primary palladium mine (Montana) |
🇨🇦 Canada
| Company | Product Forms | Specialties |
|---|---|---|
| Vale Canada | Palladium in nickel concentrates | By-product from nickel operations |
| Impala Canada (formerly NAP) | Palladium concentrates | Lac des Iles mine, facing closure |
| Glencore Canada | Palladium in nickel concentrates | By-product from Sudbury operations |
🇬🇧 UK / Global Refiners
| Company | Product Forms | Specialties |
|---|---|---|
| Johnson Matthey | All forms, chemical compounds, catalysts | Leading refiner, catalyst manufacturer |
| BASF Catalysts | Catalyst formulations, compounds | Automotive catalyst specialist |
| Heraeus | All forms, recycling | Precious metals refining and trading |
| Umicore | Refined metal, compounds, recycling | Major recycler of automotive catalysts |
Market demand by product form
| Application | Global Demand Share | Volume (MT) | Growth Rate (CAGR) | Key Trends |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Automotive Catalysts | 80% | 240 MT | -2.5% | Declining due to EV adoption |
| Electronics | 8% | 24 MT | 3.5% | MLCCs, connectors, plating |
| Dental | 4% | 12 MT | 1.0% | Alloys for crowns and bridges |
| Chemical Catalysts | 3% | 9 MT | 2.5% | Pharmaceutical synthesis |
| Jewelry | 2% | 6 MT | -1.0% | White gold alloys |
| Investment | 2% | 6 MT | Variable | Bars, coins, ETFs |
| Other Industrial | 1% | 3 MT | 2.0% | Hydrogen purification, sensors |
Market trends
Price Volatility: Palladium trading at $950-1,070/oz, down from 2022 peak of $3,400/oz Supply Surplus: Market shifting to oversupply (897,000 oz surplus expected) due to reduced auto demand EV Impact: Electric vehicle adoption reducing palladium demand; EVs expected to reach 16.7% market share Geopolitical Risks: Russian supply (40% of global) affected by sanctions, creating supply chain uncertainties Recycling Growth: Automotive catalyst recycling increasing by 1.2 million oz annually Substitution Pressure: Platinum substitution for palladium in gasoline catalysts due to price differential Mine Closures: Canadian operations facing closure (Impala Canada); South African mines under cost pressure
Moles per kilogram
| Product Form | Formula | MW (g/mol) | Moles/kg |
|---|---|---|---|
| Palladium Metal | Pd | 106.42 | 9.40 |
| Palladium(II) Chloride | PdCl₂ | 177.33 | 5.64 |
| Palladium(II) Oxide | PdO | 122.42 | 8.17 |
| Palladium(II) Nitrate | Pd(NO₃)₂ | 230.43 | 4.34 |
| Palladium(II) Acetate | Pd(C₂H₃O₂)₂ | 224.51 | 4.45 |
References
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Coverage notes
The following sections are thin or absent in the source document for this element. They will be filled by enrichment passes (NIST atomic, OSHA/NIOSH safety, USGS / IAI environmental).
- Missing section: Raw Material Sources
- Missing section: Production Cost
- Missing section: Energy Consumption