Atomic properties
Market data
Commercial forms & specifications
| Product Form | Chemical Formula | Molecular Weight | Typical Purity | Price Range (USD/kg) | Main Applications |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ruthenium Metal Powder | Ru | 101.07 g/mol | 99.9-99.99% | $28,000-32,000 | Electronics, catalysts |
| Ruthenium Sponge | Ru | 101.07 g/mol | 99.9-99.95% | $26,000-30,000 | Alloying, chemical processing |
| Ruthenium Black | Ru | 101.07 g/mol | 99.5-99.9% | $25,000-28,000 | Catalysis, fuel cells |
| Ruthenium Dioxide | RuO₂ | 133.07 g/mol | 99.5-99.9% | $22,000-26,000 | Thick film resistors, catalysts |
| Ruthenium Trichloride | RuCl₃·xH₂O | 261.43 g/mol (trihydrate) | 38-42% Ru | $12,000-15,000 | Catalyst precursor, plating |
| Ammonium Hexachlororuthenate | (NH₄)₂RuCl₆ | 349.87 g/mol | 28-30% Ru | $10,000-12,000 | Plating solutions |
| Ruthenium Red | [(NH₃)₅Ru-O-Ru(NH₃)₄-O-Ru(NH₃)₅]Cl₆ | 858.58 g/mol | 35% Ru | $45,000-55,000 | Biological staining |
| Ruthenium Carbonyl | Ru₃(CO)₁₂ | 639.33 g/mol | 47.4% Ru | $35,000-42,000 | CVD precursor, catalysis |
| Ruthenium Target (Sputtering) | Ru | 101.07 g/mol | 99.95-99.999% | $32,000-45,000 | Semiconductor manufacturing |
| Ruthenium Acetylacetonate | Ru(C₅H₇O₂)₃ | 398.39 g/mol | 25.4% Ru | $18,000-22,000 | CVD/ALD precursor |
Suppliers by country
🇿🇦 South Africa
| Company | Product Forms | Specialties |
|---|---|---|
| Anglo American Platinum | Sponge, powder, compounds | Primary PGM producer, integrated refining |
| Impala Platinum | Sponge, powder, salts | PGM mining and refining |
| Sibanye-Stillwater | Metal forms, compounds | Integrated PGM production |
🇷🇺 Russia
| Company | Product Forms | Specialties |
|---|---|---|
| Nornickel | Powder, sponge, compounds | World's largest palladium producer, significant Ru |
| Krastsvetmet | High-purity metal, compounds | Precious metals refining |
🇬🇧 United Kingdom
| Company | Product Forms | Specialties |
|---|---|---|
| Johnson Matthey | Powder, compounds, catalysts, targets | Advanced materials, catalyst technology |
🇩🇪 Germany
| Company | Product Forms | Specialties |
|---|---|---|
| Heraeus | High-purity metal, compounds, targets | Electronics materials, recycling |
| BASF | Catalysts, compounds | Chemical catalysts, recycling |
🇺🇸 United States
| Company | Product Forms | Specialties |
|---|---|---|
| Sabin Metal Corporation | Recycled metal, compounds | PGM recycling and refining |
| Alfa Aesar | Research chemicals, compounds | High-purity chemicals |
| Colonial Metals | Powder, compounds | Specialty metal products |
🇯🇵 Japan
| Company | Product Forms | Specialties |
|---|---|---|
| Tanaka Kikinzoku | High-purity metal, compounds, targets | Electronics materials, precision products |
| Mitsubishi Materials | Sputtering targets, compounds | Advanced materials |
Market demand by product form
| Product Form | Global Market Size | Primary Region | Main Applications | Growth Rate (CAGR) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ruthenium Metal (All Forms) | $890 million | Asia-Pacific (45%) | Electronics, catalysts | 7.2% |
| Ruthenium Compounds | $340 million | Europe (38%) | Chemical synthesis | 5.8% |
| Sputtering Targets | $285 million | Asia-Pacific (65%) | Semiconductors, data storage | 8.5% |
| Catalyst Grade | $420 million | North America (32%) | Petrochemicals, pharma | 6.3% |
| Electroplating Solutions | $125 million | Asia-Pacific (52%) | Electronics, jewelry | 4.5% |
| Research Chemicals | $65 million | North America (40%) | R&D, pharmaceuticals | 5.2% |
Market trends
Supply Constraints: Russian supply disruptions (30% of global production) driving price volatility and supply chain diversification Electronics Demand: 5G infrastructure and data center expansion driving demand for Ru in chip resistors and hard drives Green Hydrogen: Emerging demand for Ru-based catalysts in PEM electrolyzers, market expected to triple by 2030 Recycling Growth: Secondary recovery from spent catalysts and e-waste increasing, now 25% of supply Price Volatility: Prices ranging $250-$350/oz in 2025, highly dependent on supply disruptions Alternative Development: Research into Ru-free catalysts and materials due to high costs and supply risks
Moles per kilogram
| Product Form | Formula | MW (g/mol) | Moles/kg |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ruthenium Metal | Ru | 101.07 | 9.89 |
| Ruthenium Dioxide | RuO₂ | 133.07 | 7.51 |
| Ruthenium Trichloride (trihydrate) | RuCl₃·3H₂O | 261.43 | 3.83 |
| Ammonium Hexachlororuthenate | (NH₄)₂RuCl₆ | 349.87 | 2.86 |
| Ruthenium Carbonyl | Ru₃(CO)₁₂ | 639.33 | 1.56 |
| Ruthenium Acetylacetonate | Ru(C₅H₇O₂)₃ | 398.39 | 2.51 |
References
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Coverage notes
The following sections are thin or absent in the source document for this element. They will be filled by enrichment passes (NIST atomic, OSHA/NIOSH safety, USGS / IAI environmental).
- Missing section: Raw Material Sources
- Missing section: Production Cost
- Missing section: Energy Consumption